In the case of genes, we saw in Chapter 3 that co-adapted gene complexes may arise in the gene pool. A large set of genes concerned with mimicry in butterflies became tightly linked together on the same chromossome, so tightly that they can be treated as one gene. In Chapter 5 we met the more sophisticated idea of the evolutionarily stable set of genes. Mutually suitable teeth, claws, guts, and sense organs evolved in carnivore gene pools, while a different stable set of characteristics emerged from herbivore gene pools. Does anything analogous occur in meme pools? Has the god meme, say, become associated with any other particular memes, and does this association assist the survival of each of the participating memes? Perhaps we could regard an organized church, with its architecture, rituals, laws, music, art, and written tradition, as a co-adapted stable set of mutually-assisting memes.

To take a particular example, an aspect of doctrine that has been very effective in enforcing religious observance is the threat of hell fire. Many children and even some adults believe that they will suffer ghastly torments after death if they do not obey the priestly rules. This is a peculiarly nasty technique of persuasion, causing great psychological anguish throughout the middle ages and even today. But it is highly effective. It might almost have been planned deliberately by a machiavellian priesthood trained in deep psychological indoctrination techniques. However, I doubt if the priests were that clever. Much more probably, unconscious memes have ensured their own survival by virtue of those same qualities of pseudo-ruthlessness that successful genes display. The idea of hell fire is, quite simply, self perpetuating, because of its own deep psychological impact. It has become linked with the god meme because the two reinforce each other, and assist each other’s survival in the meme pool.

Another member of the religious meme complex is called faith. It means blind trust, in the absence of evidence, even in the teeth of evidence. The story of Doubting Thomas is told, not so that we shall admire Thomas, but so that we can admire the other apostles in comparison. Thomas demanded evidence. Nothing is more lethal for certain kinds of meme than a tendency to look for evidence. The other apostles, whose faith was so strong that they did not need evidence, are held up to us as worthy of imitation. The meme for blind faith secures its own perpetuation by the simple unconscious expedient of discouraging rational enquiry.

Blind faith can justify anything. If a man believes in a different god, or even if he uses a different ritual for worshipping the same god, blind faith can decree that he should die – on the cross, at the stake, skewered on a Crusader’s sword, shot in a Beirut street, or blown up in a bar in Belfast. Memes for blind faith have their own ruthless ways of propagating themselves. This is true of patriotic and political as well as religious blind faith.

The Selfish Gene, de Richard Dawkins
Chapter 11 – Memes: The New Replicators, o melhor até agora.

Al bar Sport non si mangia quasi ai. C’è una bacheca con delle paste, ma è puramente coreografica. Sono paste ornamentali, spesso veri e propri pezzi d’artigianato. Sono lì da anni, tanti che i clienti abituali, ormai, le conoscono una per una. Entrando dicono: “La meringa è un po’ sciupata, oggi. Sarà il caldo”. Oppure: “E’ ora di dar la polvere al krapfen”. Solo, qualche volta, il cliente occasionale osa avvicinarsi al sacrario. Una volta, ad esempio, entrò un rappresentante di Milano. Aprì la bacheca e si mise in bocca una pastona bianca e nera, con sopra una spruzzata di quella bellissima granella in duralluminio che sola contraddistingue la pasta veramente cattiva. Subito nel bar si sparse la voce: “Hanno mangiato la Luisona!”. La Luisona era la decana delle paste, e si trovava nella bacheca dal 1959. Guardando il colore della sua crema i vecchi riuscivano a trarre le previsioni del tempo. La sua scomparsa fu un colpo durissimo per tutti. Il rappresentante fu invitato a uscire nel generale disprezzo. Nessuno lo toccò, perché il suo gesto malvagio conteneva già in sé la più tremenda delle punizioni. Infatti fu trovato appena un’ora dopo, nella toilette di un autogrill di Modena, in preda ad atroci dolori. La Luisona si era vendicata.

Bar Sport, de Stefano Benni

Thanks, Altheo : )

(…) For instance, the present population of Latin America [o livro é de 1976] is around 300 million, and already many of them are under-nourished. But if the population continued to increase at the present rate, it would take less than 500 years to reach the point where the people, packed in a standing position, formed a solid human carpet over the whole area of the continent. This is so, even if we assume them to be very skinny – a not unrealistic assumption. In 1,000 years from now they would be standing on each other’s shoulders more than a million deep. By 2,000 years, the mountain of people, travelling outwards at the speed of light, would have reached the edge of the known universe.

It will not have escaped you that this is a hypothetical calculation! It will not really happen like that for some very good practical reasons. The names of some of these reasons are famine, plague, and war; or, if we are lucky, birth control. It is no use appealing to advances in agricultural science – ‘green revolutions’ and the like. Increases in food production may temporarily alleviate the problem, but it is mathematically certain that they cannot be a long-term solution; indeed, like the medical advances that have precipitated the crisis, they may well make the problem worse, by speeding up the rate of population expansion. It is a simple logical truth that, short of mass emigration into space, with rockets taking off at a rate of several million per second, uncontrolled birth-rates are bound to lead to horribly increased death-rates. It is hard to believe that this simple truth is not understood by those leaders who forbid their followers to use effective contraceptive methods. They express a preference for ‘natural’ methods of population limitation, and a natural method is exactly what they are going to get. It is called starvation.

The Selfish Gene, de Richard Dawkins. Chapter 7, Family Planning.

O negrito é meu.